Surgical Conditions In Foals

by Laura Werner, DVM, MS, DACVS 

As foaling time approaches fast, there are some neonatal problems that are important to be recognized quickly.  New foal exams are important to address any evident problems immediately.

Ruptured bladders are common after dystocia or in septic foals.  Picking foals up with an arm under the abdomen can also cause their bladder to rupture.  Signs of a ruptured bladder include abdominal distension, depression, straining to urinate, or abnormal urination.  The condition is more common in male foals.  Surgical repair is required and prompt attention is necessary as these foals quickly develop electrolyte abnormalities that can lead to abnormal heart rhythms and even death.

Hernias are a frequent problem in newborn foals. Scrotal hernias are often congenital and often do not require surgical repair. Umbilical hernias can develop later.  Hernias are abnormal if they suddenly enlarge in size, are not reducible, or the foal is exhibiting signs of colic.  Prompt veterinary attention is necessary if any of the aforementioned signs are observed.  If the hernia is still present at 5-6 months of age, but has not been causing a problem, surgical correction is usually necessary. 

Fractured ribs are also common after dystocias or can be caused by trauma.  Foals may exhibit respiratory distress, crepitance (air under the skin), or can even die quickly if the rib fragments lacerate a large vessel or the heart. 

Angular limb deformities can be classified as varus (bow-legged) or valgus (turned out) as well as where the deviation originates (hock, knee, fetlock). They occur because one side of the bone grows faster than the other side. Deviations of the fetlock need to be addressed quickly as closure of the growth plate occurs by 3 months of age.  Foot trimming and/or hoof extensions can be used to correct more mild deformities and can be successful if initiated early on.   More severe problems or deformities that are not addressed early may require surgery.  Two types of surgeries can be perfomed- one that speeds up growth on the slow side and one that slows growth down on the faster side.  Sometimes manipulation of the hoof and surgical treatments are combined.

Flexural deformities or contracted tendons especially when severe are also important to recognize quickly.  When contraction is severe and originates at the knees, immediate intervention right after birth is necessary.  The contraction can be corrected with casts, splints, or even surgery on tendons, but is more successful if corrected right away.  Waiting several days often will cause the contracture to be permanent. 

Entropion, or inversion of the eyelid, or ectropion, or eversion of the eyelid, can cause corneal damage and/or ulcers.  We already know from the last newsletter how serious eye problems can be.  Sometimes these abnormalities can be fixed with sutures or local anesthetic, but if severe enough, can require surgery to correct.  Please contact the Equine Center if you have any additional questions or to schedule a newborn foal exam for your horse.